novelsite Chapter 631 The road ahead for the next 3 years!
Chapter 631 The road ahead for the next 3 years!
Chapter 631 The road ahead for the next 30 years!
Of course Xu Yun was not sick.
But at this moment, Xu Yun's emotions were more complicated than when he had a fever - he was really shocked.
be honest.
Although the diquark injection diagram that Wang Chengshu found was not in Xu Yun's plan, it was not particularly beyond his expectations.
After all, although it took more than ten years for Mr. Ding Zhaozhong to discover the three-jet diagram of J particles, the energy level of the collider they used at that time was only more than 70 MeV.
The iteration of the theory may require a certain pre-foundation, but the discovery of phenomena can not be influenced by time.
Theoretically speaking, as long as you are lucky enough, the three-jet map may actually be discovered in 1957.
But after discovering the double-jet diagram, Zhu Hongyuan associated it with the straton model, and then Li Jue found the end-state hyperon image, which somewhat exceeded Xu Yun's expectations.
But what I didn't expect is
This tmd is not over yet?
What Li Jue found this time is not an ordinary hyperon, but a Λ hyperon with a binding energy of about 1.26812 MeV?
To know.
Xu Yun is very familiar with the number 1.26812MeV.
That's right.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty dungeon, the Λ superzi that Zhao Zhengguo found under the blessing of the National Fortune buff was exactly this magnitude!
That is, a bunch of stories later derived
4685 Λ super son!
Who would have thought that Xu Yun would meet his old friend again in this dungeon?
This is no ordinary super child.
Its physical characteristics will not be said, only one thing:
It is the key to finding the lone point particle, that is, dark matter!
Just like the Han Xiandi in the Three Kingdoms, Han Xiandi himself is just a young child, but mastering Han Xiandi is tantamount to mastering royal power and morality!
thought here.
Xu Yun's little heart started beating again.
True.
As far as the rabbit in this period is concerned, it should be said that any country in the world may mention dark matter a bit early.
After all, although dark matter was proposed by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1933, today's physics community has some speculation and research on dark matter.
However, due to the accuracy of various cosmic observation equipment and the lack of basic models, the influence of dark matter in the scientific world is far from being as great as that of later generations.
At this time, if the dark matter is taken out, not only will it be difficult to gain honor or fame, but it may cause a lot of controversy.
Not to mention that the technology for producing dark matter involves magneto-optical traps and Einstein condensed matter, let alone this period, it will be difficult to achieve the corresponding conditions in another 40 years.
But on the other hand.
If dark matter is not studied as a short-term public achievement, but treated as a long-term plan, then this will be different.
for example.
Although there are still many mysteries in the basic particle model in 2023, the 61 types of particles included in the model itself were discovered very early—except for the Higgs particle, other particles were basically discovered within 30 to [-] years .
Then the problem is coming.
What happened after these particles were discovered?
Where should the research direction point to?
According to the trajectory of future generations, these directions are nothing more than gravitational waves, quantum correlation, room temperature superconductivity, and dark matter.
Therefore, if Xu Yun reserved a trail at this time.
Then when the time is right in the future, this trail can be expanded into a general direction.
The research on dark matter can last at least 20 years. Including the particle model, it is conservative to say that Huaxia's theoretical direction in the next 30 years will be worry-free!
Xu Yun is not a sage who can glance ten thousand years at a glance, and there is no gap in his strategic vision. The 30-year plan is already the limit of his ability.
Besides, in terms of the ability of rabbits, 30 years is enough time for them to create many, many things
It's just that Xu Yun has been hesitant to kick this kick before, after all, the dark matter is indeed a little far away from the rabbits now.
But now that even the 4685Λ hyperon has been discovered, there is no hesitation
Of course.
There are still many progressive relationships between the 4685Λ hyperon and dark matter. Xu Yun still needs to think carefully about how to explain this matter smoothly.
And the other side.
After confirming that Xu Yun was indeed not sick, Wang Ganchang continued to turn to another page:
"Teacher, besides these two copies of the same Λ hyperon, another discovered particle is also a bit special."
Zhao Zhongyao frowned upon hearing this:
"Oh? What do you say?"
Wang Ganchang handed this page of the report to Zhao Zhongyao, and explained:
"The mass of this particle is about 23.8GeV-24.9GeV, which can be regarded as a standard hadron family, but it does not belong to the Λ hyperon."
"Its final state has a rather strange tilt condition. I calculated according to the precession frequency of fermions, and found that there is a relatively obvious deviation between the actual and theoretical values."
"How to put it, it is a bit similar to the anomalous magnetic moment of muons, but it is not exactly the same."
A trace of curiosity suddenly appeared in Zhao Zhongyao's eyes, and he took the report and read it.
mentioned earlier.
All particles of fermions have a spin angular momentum.
This angular momentum gives the particle an intrinsic magnetic moment, which can be deduced from the Dirac equation:
Because the spin of the particle is also a special kind of rotation, the charged spin particle will also have a magnetic moment, which can be proved to be g(e/2m)s.
where e is the charge, m is the particle's mass, s is the particle's spin, and g is a coefficient known as the g-factor.
That is to say, given a particle, we all know its charge, mass, and spin, so we only need to calculate the magnetic moment through theoretical calculations.
The g factor of leptons such as electrons and muons can be calculated using quantum field theory, and the calculated result is a number slightly larger than 2.
For example, the g factor of an electron is calculated as g=2.00231930436256, where the first 2 is the calculation result of the lowest theoretical order, and the small amount after the decimal point is the quantum correction caused by vacuum fluctuations. This correction value is the abnormal magnetic moment.
But during the later experiments, the physicists suddenly discovered a situation:
For electrons, theoretical calculations of the anomalous magnetic moment agree well with experimental measurements down to 11 decimal places.
This shows that for electrons, there is nothing wrong with our theory.
But for muons, the experimental and theoretical values of the anomalous magnetic moment start to differ at the 8th decimal place. (It is recommended to insert an eye here, I will not introduce this concept again in the future, it is very important)
In Xu Yun's future generations.
The confidence level of the measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment has been accurate to 5σ, and the time is just a few days before you read this chapter.
If this level of confidence is finally confirmed to be true, then the existence of new physics can basically be confirmed—Xu Yun is still looking forward to this.
Of course, this belongs to the future, and it is more than sixty years away from now.
However, the measurement of the magnetic moment of muons started very early in the physics world, and it is one of the unsolved mysteries in the physics world. Therefore, although Zhao Zhongyao and others did not know that this abnormal magnetic moment would almost overturn the building of physics in the future, they still have a good understanding of The concept itself is still not new.
"."
Looking at the report in front of him, Zhao Zhongyao frowned even more.
be honest.
Compared with the 4685Λ hyperon, this particle is actually not much special—although it is also a final state hyperon, there is no small toothpick of boson around its image.
That is to say, this image does not record much decay information. If there were no findings in the first two reports, it might be one of the evidences supporting Zhu Hongyuan's conjecture, but with the first two reports, its crest image is not so important .
On the other hand.
Its precession frequency has an obvious concave interval, which is very strange.
precession frequency.
This is actually the phenomenon of precession.
Take the hydrogen proton as an example.
The hydrogen proton itself will spin, and under the action of the external magnetic field B0, its magnetic moment will be affected.
That is, in addition to spin, it will also rotate around the direction of the applied magnetic field.
Similar to how the earth revolves around the sun in addition to its rotation.
We call the way that the hydrogen proton rotates and swings around the direction of the external magnetic field B0 in addition to its own spin as precession, which belongs to the intrinsic characteristics of the particle, and has nothing to do with the structure. That is, whether there are other structures inside.
The famous Larmor precession frequency formula is about the precession frequency, which involves the content of MRI.
But it's one thing that this thing has nothing to do with the structure, and another thing is the existence of an anomaly. Although the direction is different from what Zhao Zhongyao and the others are discussing, it is obviously impossible for you to let Zhao Zhongyao ignore this anomaly.
It's like an author named Fisherman went on a blind date with a girl, but during the blind date there was a violent quarrel outside.
Quarrels and blind dates have nothing to do with each other, but this does not prevent the two people on the blind date from running over to watch the excitement.
The current abnormal precession frequency belongs to the kind of lively event that has nothing to do with the blind date, and there are discrepancies between the theoretical values mentioned by Wang Ganchang and the scene, obviously this is not a small quarrel.
Then Zhao Zhongyao returned to the table with this report, picked up a pen and started calculations:
"The gradient magnetic field is 0, and the hyperon precession frequency in the isocenter is just the Larmor frequency f0"
"The Ω, ω, M of the particle obviously all satisfy the condition of regular precession M=JωΩsinθ, so."
After ten minutes.
Zhao Zhongyao put down the paper and pen, and compared his answer with the result:
"Well, there is indeed a big difference in precession frequency, and the external torque is not the same?"
Zhu Hongyuan and others also looked at this image when Zhao Zhongyao was writing and calculating, and said quickly after hearing the words:
"Comrade Zhongyao, could it be the influence of the magnetization vector?"
Hear this.
Before Zhao Zhongyao could make a sound, another middle-aged man on the side spoke:
"Not too possible."
When everyone heard the words, they couldn't help but looked at the person who spoke.
This person's name is Hu Ning, who graduated from Caltech like Lao Guo and the Fifth Division of Qian, and is also one of the earliest faculty members in Huaxia.
At the same time, Hu Ning is also a well-known theoretical physicist in China, one of the first three graduate students in China, and has made great contributions to the straton model:
At that time, Zhu Hongyuan established the "History of the Creation of Quantum Mechanics" to study Gell-Mann's eight-fold method, and Hu Ning led the team to develop the symmetry theory of the elementary particle SU(3).
The later straton model was based on the results of these two teams, and Hu Ning's authority in particle physics even rivaled that of Zhao Zhongyao.
So after Hu Ning spoke, Zhao Zhongyao immediately asked:
"Comrade Hu Ning, do you have an idea?"
Hu Ning nodded quickly. His character is relatively taciturn, but he can basically hit the key when he speaks:
"It is absolutely impossible for the magnetization vector to affect the precession frequency. Hyperons are baryons heavier than nucleons, and the degree of sensitivity is proportional to the square of mass."
"Its spin polarization vector has a constant angle α with the direction of the magnetic field, and it precesses at the Larmor frequency. There can only be an equivalent pure state, and it is impossible to appear a concave image."
Seeing this, Xu Yun's expression didn't change much.
The concept mentioned by Hu Ning is actually the concept of Bloch sphere, that is, the evolution of a state in the quantum field.
Although the logic gates of qubit have not been formally summarized into a system, it is normal to have these cognitions with Hu Ning's ability.
Then under Xu Yun's gaze.
Hu Ning drew another simple three-dimensional diagram and said:
"Just now when Lao Zhao (Zhao Zhongyao) was calculating, I followed suit and found that this anomaly does not only stop at the precession frequency."
"For example, if we establish a standard two-dimensional square matrix and regard I as the zeroth Pauli operator, then the four Pauli operators I, σx, σy, and σz should all be complete."
"But in fact, both σy and σz have serious representation problems, and even orthogonal sets cannot correspond to eigenvectors."
"So I suspect... there should be something inside this particle—I don't mean the basic structure, but information."
"information?"
Zhao Zhongyao blinked, subconsciously said:
"Comrade Hu Ning, are you saying that this particle is some kind of messenger particle?"
Hu Ning nodded slightly:
"This is just my guess. After all, the concept of messenger DNA may be familiar to everyone, but messenger particles are completely undiscovered."
Zhao Zhongyao's face changed for a while, then he suddenly thought of something, and said to Xu Yun:
"Xiao Han, you have been three chapters. Keke, I haven't spoken for a long time, what do you think?"
"."
Xu Yun had been paying attention to everyone's chat the whole time, and after hearing these words, a trace of entanglement was evident in his eyes.
Do you want to kick this jio?
But soon, he thought of Zhu Hongyuan's layer model.
Now that even the quark and the 4685Λ hyperon have been discovered, it seems that I have nothing to hesitate, right?
So he quickly put those concerns in his mind behind him, took a deep breath, and said to Zhao Zhongyao:
"Director Zhao, I'm not an expert in particle physics, so I may not know much about the specific theory."
"But if it's just about thinking, I have a guess."
"That is, is there a possibility that there is a vector gauge boson inside this hyperon?"
Note:
I started adding updates the day after tomorrow. It was originally planned to be added tomorrow, but tomorrow there will be another media interview. (Yes, my mother’s name is still in the newspaper)
(End of this chapter)